3D 打印对抗 COVID-19

鉴于当前由于 COVID-19 的传播而出现的紧急情况 冠状病毒，伟大的举措和解决方案正在从团结和创新中涌现，尤其是在缓解医疗设备和个人防护装备 (PPE) 短缺方面。

来自3D打印 部门，有许多工程师和材料制造商与医学专家一起致力于设计 PPE（个人防护设备）模型，以帮助保持厕所的健康并促进他们的工作，因此在开发不同的原型时，例如呼吸器或辅助呼吸器的阀门、连接器和其他有助于缓解医疗设备短缺的装置。

此外，许多创客社区 已经推出了他们的 3D 打印机来制造这些设备。在西班牙，冠状病毒制造者倡议已经出现，这是一个拥有数千名志愿者的非营利性平台。德国、意大利、智利、阿根廷或哥伦比亚等国家也有类似的举措。

下面我们汇总了不同公司和协会免费向公众提供的各种防护设备和医疗用品的设计，并且可以 STL 格式下载并在几乎任何 FDM 打印机上打印。

需要注意的是，某些型号未经相应卫生当局的认证或批准，并且根据每个地区或国家的不同，实现此认证的制造要求可能会有所不同。

口罩

无论是在3D打印资源平台还是在3D领域公司的各个页面，都在共享不同的掩模模型，以在任何类型的3D FDM打印机上进行3D打印。

应该强调的是，这些面具 , 除了它们有必要的过滤器外，仅作为抵御病毒的物理屏障 , 除了在被感染的情况下帮助不传播它。

几天前，我们分享了 Copper3D 开发的 Nanohack 掩模的设计 团队和谁最近分享了上述面具设计的更新：NanoHack 2.0，具有整体结构，坚固且密封 ，必须使用 PActive 和 MDFlex 抗菌丝制造，以提供最大程度的保护以抵御外部环境。

PLActive 是一种可回收且具有生物相容性的聚合物，包含具有抗菌性能的铜纳米复合材料。

由于其设计，NanoHack 2.0 是一种装置，可防止空气中的颗粒物进入并防止液体扩散污染呼吸道。 NanoHack 使用与外科口罩（无纺布聚丙烯）相同的材料作为过滤系统。为获得最佳保护，建议使用三层无纺布聚丙烯过滤器。此过滤器嵌入在面罩中。因此，根据各种研究，对1微米微生物的过滤效率达到96.4%，对0.02微米微生物的过滤效率达到89.5%。

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面罩

您可以找到无数型号的护目镜和面罩 在网上。 普鲁萨 已经开发了几个原型，这些原型已经过捷克卫生部的验证。最后，他们推出了两个屏幕版本：RC1和RC2。

这种屏幕设计由刚性结构和柔性透明的醋酸塑料板组成。刚性结构是 3D 打印的，然后将塑料醋酸纤维板改装成屏幕。 RC1版允许在同一个打印过程中打印更多的部件，而RC2版提供的保护略高，佩戴也更舒适。

作为屏幕，原型使用了 0.5mm 厚的 PETG 片材，但也可以使用其他具有类似厚度的透明柔性材料，例如透明醋酸纤维片材。

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Download STL from Prusa

3D printing with PETG with 30 % fill is recommended, although other materials such as PLA or ABS can be used. In order to deliver them to health centers, it's essential to sterilize them by applying a water bath with bleach (Ratio 50:1) and then rinse them with water. In this way, they will not carry the risk of possible indirect transmissions for healthcare personnel.

Respirators and valves

Given the shortage of self-contained respirators, several groups of engineers, in collaboration with different institutions and healthcare personnel, are developing prototypes and manufacturing the different parts that compose them using 3D printing.

This is the case of the Barcelona Free Trade Zone Consortium that, together with HP, Leitat, and SEAT, have developed a prototype of a respirator using 3D printing to manufacture its parts and taking advantage of elements such as a car's windshield wiper motor. This device has been named OxyGEN and has already been validated by experts from the Parc Taulí hospital in Sabadell. One of the advantages of this device is that its production is scalable.

Another possible solution that arises is to use adapters that allow the same respirator to be used for several patients, such as the “H” connector that Copper3D has developed. A design that minimizes dead space volume and prevents possible air leakage due to unnecessary connections. Copper 3D recommends 3D printing of this device using PLActive, for its antibacterial properties and biocompatibility.

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In several hospitals there is a lack of some important elements related to respirators and necessary when treating a patient with respiratory complications. This is the case of the Venturi valve , used to regulate the oxygen concentration that is introduced to the patient through the respirator.

There are several designs available to users, such as this one from the Cults platform.

Download STL from Cults

Other devices

In addition to PPE and specific devices for the treatment of patients affected by COVID-19, different tools are being developed to avoid the contagion by indirect contact to which anyone is exposed in their daily activity (door and window handles, buttons for elevators, etc.).

The StopCovid-19 ring is an easy to print ring, designed to press switches and buttons without physically touching them.

Download STL from Cults

Companies like Materialise have developed a device for attaching to door handles, so that they can be opened without using your hands. Different versions of this tool, adapted to different handle formats (cylindrical, rectangular, circular, etc.) can be downloaded free of charge from its website.

Download STL from Materialise

Combining the usefulness of the previous two, there is LU-Touch :A tool for opening and closing doors and windows, and at the same time a push-button for buttons and switches. LU-Touch can be downloaded for free and printed on any 3D FDM printer. In addition, if you do not have a 3D printer, it can be purchased already printed.

Download STL from Thingiverse

Thanks to the use of these tools, it's possible to minimize the possibility of contagion due to indirect contacts in daily activity. For greater safety, it's necessary to disinfect the tools always after use. It should also be remembered that the use of this type of tool does not exempt from applying the recommended safety rules:wash your hands regularly, do not touch your face, etc.

Specific materials

Among the specific materials to manufacture personal protective equipment, we highlight PLActive and MDFlex for their antimicrobial and antiviral qualities. This material is also recommended for printing expansion devices and valves adapted to self-contained respirators.

Common materials

For the manufacture of screens or valves that, due to their use, do not need to be composed of biocompatible or antibacterial materials, basic materials can be used in 3D FDM printing, such as PLA or PETG; since these elements do not require specific properties, although it's true that they require some rigidity and it's not recommended to use flexible materials such as Flexfill or FilaFlex.

With these free download files, any user with a FDM 3D printer and any of the aforementioned materials can contribute their bit to help stop the pandemic and the alarming situation we are currently experiencing.