实时森林火灾监测系统：短信报警方案

组件与物料

应用与在线服务

项目原理

森林火灾检测流程始于部署在树木上的传感器节点。节点间通过 RF 模块与 Arduino 通信，形成网络。任一节点检测到环境参数（温度升高、烟雾浓度超标等）超过阈值，信息经多级中继节点传递至主终端，主终端通过 GSM 模块向森林防火监控中心手机发送短信报警。

发射端物理模型

检测模块分三阶段工作：

1. 感知阶段：温湿度传感器、烟雾传感器将模拟信号转为数字量，读取温度、湿度、空气质量，传递给下一级节点。
2. 中继阶段：信息逐级跳转直到到达主终端。
3. 报警阶段：主终端通过 GSM 模块发送短信至监控中心手机。

每个节点包含：温湿度传感器、烟雾传感器、微控制器（Arduino）。传感器与 Arduino 交互，定期将读值与预设阈值比较，超阈值则向邻近节点发送报警，逐级传递。

装置物理模型图

发射端详细结构

串口监视器数据示例

GSM 模块接收短信示例

代码：接收端与发射端 Arduino 程序

注意：代码包含两部分——Receiver side 与 Transmitter side，均为 C++（Arduino 语言），原文误标为 Python。

接收端代码（主终端）

// PART-1: Receiver Side Arduino CODE
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <RH_ASK.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <DHT.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(4, 3); // GSM 模块 RX, TX

// 常量定义
#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
int smokeA0 = A5;
int sensorThres = 400;

// 变量
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
float hum, temp;
String str_humid, str_temp, str_smk, str_out;
RH_ASK rf_driver;

void setup() {
  pinMode(smokeA0, INPUT);
  dht.begin();
  rf_driver.init();
  Serial.begin(9600);
  mySerial.begin(115200);
}

void loop() {
  delay(2000);
  hum = dht.readHumidity();
  temp = dht.readTemperature();
  Serial.print("Reciever Humidity = "); Serial.println(hum);
  Serial.print("Reciever Temperature = "); Serial.println(temp);

  int analogSensor = analogRead(smokeA0);
  String smk;
  if (analogSensor > sensorThres) {
    Serial.println("Smoke at Reciever");
    smk = "Smoke";
  } else {
    Serial.println("Clean at Reciever");
    smk = "Clean";
  }

  // 接收 RF 数据
  uint8_t buf[20];
  uint8_t buflen = sizeof(buf);
  if (rf_driver.recv(buf, &buflen)) {
    str_out = String((char*)buf);
    for (int i = 0; i < str_out.length(); i++) {
      if (str_out.substring(i, i+1) == ",") {
        str_humid = str_out.substring(0, i);
        str_temp = str_out.substring(i+1, i+6);
        str_smk = str_out.substring(i+7, i+12);
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  Serial.print("Humidity: "); Serial.print(str_humid);
  Serial.print(" - Temperature: "); Serial.println(str_temp);
  Serial.print(" - Air Quality: "); Serial.println(str_smk);

  // 本地节点火灾判定
  if (hum >= 60 && temp >= 25) {
    Serial.println("Fire Detected at Reciever");
    sendSMS("Fire at Reciever Node", temp, hum, smk);
  }

  // 发射端节点火灾判定
  if (str_humid.toInt() >= 60 && str_temp.toInt() >= 25) {
    Serial.println("Fire Detected at Transmitter");
    sendSMS("Fire at Transmitter Node", str_temp.toFloat(), str_humid.toFloat(), str_smk);
  }
}

void sendSMS(String location, float t, float h, String air) {
  mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); delay(1000);
  mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+918744984131\"\r"); delay(1000); // 替换为实际手机号
  mySerial.println(" FIRE ALERT !! "); Serial.println();
  mySerial.println(location); Serial.println();
  mySerial.println("Temperature : " + String(t)); Serial.println();
  mySerial.println("Humidity : " + String(h)); Serial.println();
  mySerial.println("Air Quality : " + air); delay(100);
  mySerial.println((char)26); // Ctrl+Z 发送
  delay(1000);
}

发射端代码（传感器节点）

// PART-2: Transmitter Side Arduino Code
#include <RH_ASK.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <DHT.h>

#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
int smokeA0 = A5;
int sensorThres = 400;

float hum, temp, smk;
String str_humid, str_temp, str_smk, str_out;
RH_ASK rf_driver;

void setup() {
  dht.begin();
  pinMode(smokeA0, INPUT);
  rf_driver.init();
}

void loop() {
  delay(2000);
  hum = dht.readHumidity();
  temp = dht.readTemperature();
  Serial.print(hum); Serial.print(temp);

  int analogSensor = analogRead(smokeA0);
  if (analogSensor > sensorThres) str_smk = "1";
  else str_smk = "0";

  if (str_smk == "1")
    str_out = str_humid + "," + str_temp + "," + "Smoke";
  else
    str_out = str_humid + "," + str_temp + "," + "Clean";

  const char *msg = str_out.c_str();
  rf_driver.send((uint8_t *)msg, strlen(msg));
  rf_driver.waitPacketSent();
}

原理图